Is Your Dog At Risk For Kennel Cough?

Kennel cough (infectious tracheobronchitis) is a contagious upper respiratory disease seen in dogs. It is transmitted through the air, and just like the common cold in people, there are several different organisms that can be the cause. Bordetella bronchiseptica m--, a bacterium, is one of the most common causes, which is why you may often hear kennel cough referred to as Bordetella.  It occurs more commonly in puppies and young dogs, but any dog can be at risk. The illness is often transmitted at kennels, grooming facilities, and shelters where dogs are exposed to other dogs. Since kennel cough is airborne, it is not completely eliminated by normal cleaning or disinfecting.

Dogs with kennel cough are usually bright and alert, but have a dry, hacking, forceful cough that sounds like a goose honk.  Some dogs may present other symptoms, such as sneezing or discharge from the eyes or nose.  Most dogs with kennel cough do not have a fever, and will still have a normal appetite and activity level. If your dog has these symptoms, contact your veterinarian for treatment. While many cases of kennel cough will resolve on their own, medication can help speed up the recovery process, minimize symptoms, and help to prevent secondary infections, like pneumonia. Similar to the common cold, kennel cough is not “cured”, but must run its course.  Most dogs will completely recover within 3 weeks. 

Dogs with kennel cough should be rested and kept in a relatively warm, well-humidified environment.  You may want to use a harness instead of a neck collar since pulling on a collar can aggravate the cough. They should also be kept away from any other dogs to prevent exposing them to this very contagious disease.  If your dog does not seem to be recovering as expected, you should follow up with your veterinarian since an ongoing kennel cough infection can lead to pneumonia.  Difficulty or rapid breathing, decreased appetite, and lethargy may be symptoms of a more serious condition and should be addressed by your veterinarian right away.

There is a vaccine available to prevent your dog from catching the contagious disease. If your dog will be going to grooming facilities, boarded at a kennel, or having contact with other dogs we recommend a Bordetella vaccine be given annually.  Remember that there are multiple different organisms that can lead to an infection, and the vaccine only protects against the most common organisms. Vaccination helps to reduce your dog’s risk, but it is possible that a vaccinated dog may develop kennel cough.  Choosing a kennel or groomer that requires all dogs to be vaccinated, and who use ventilation and/or air filtration systems can also help to reduce your dog’s risk of infection. 

What You Need To Know About Worms

There are four types of intestinal worms that are common in dogs: roundworms, tapeworms, hookworms and whipworms.  Only roundworms and tapeworms are common in cats.  Roundworms are long spaghetti-like worms that are occasionally seen in bowel movements or vomitus.  Tapeworms are flat, segmented worms. The segments may look like “grains of rice” in the animal’s hair around the rectum, in bedding or in bowel movements.  Hookworms and whipworms are detected only by their microscopic eggs passed in the stool.

Symptoms of a Parasite Infection

Worms cause a variety of symptoms depending on the type and severity of the infection.  These can include:  diarrhea, vomiting, cough, dull hair coat, pot-belly and anemia.  “Scooting” or dragging the hind end is a sign of itchiness.  It is usually associated with impacted anal sacs but occasionally with tapeworm infection.

How Do Pets Get Worms?

Worms are not spread by direct contact with an infected dog or cat.

Intestinal parasites are spread by ingestion of the parasite eggs, which are passed in the stool of an infected animal.  Sniffing the ground, eating grass, or even walking through an area containing parasite eggs and then licking their feet can lead to a parasite infection.  Puppies and kittens can get parasites directly from their mother during development or through the milk. Tapeworms are different in that their life cycle require an intermediate host.  They are contracted either by ingesting an infected flea or by eating an infected animal, such as a mouse or rabbit.  We recommend that puppies and kittens be checked for worms early and frequently.

Can Family Members Get Worms From a Pet?

Roundworms and hookworms are zoonotic, meaning they can be transmitted to people, but not directly by petting or handling an animal.  Eggs that are passed through the stool must be ingested.  On rare occasions, children have been infected by roundworms by eating soil that has been contaminated by roundworm eggs.  Hookworms can cause a skin-irritation when active larvae come in contact with feet, often from walking bare foot in the summer months.  Avoid ingestion of soil by washing garden vegetables and hands before eating.

How Are Worms Controlled?

Regular fecal examinations performed by a veterinarian are the only reliable way to detect the presence of intestinal parasites.  Identifying the type of parasite infection is important to determine proper medication.  Unfortunately, tapeworms are not often detectable in stool samples.  They are frequently diagnosed by the presence of segments on the animal’s fur.  Once parasites are identified, appropriate medication can be administered.  Generally, several treatments are needed to completely eliminate the parasite. There are preventative medications that can be given monthly to help prevent intestinal parasite infection.  These are mainly used as preventatives for heartworm disease, but can also be used to control intestinal parasites.  Garlic, brewer’s yeast, Hartz “Once a Month” dewormer and other over-the-counter or home remedies are not effective.  It takes 1-3 weeks for parasite eggs that are passed by an infected animal to develop to the stage where they are infective to another animal.  Frequent cleaning of the yard and proper disposal of stool (at least twice a week) is an important step in parasite control.  If dogs are tied or penned in the yard, they should be moved to a different area of the yard if possible to avoid re-infection. Once the eggs are present in the soil, they can persist for years and are practically impossible to eliminate. 

Mongolia Matters #2

There is so much knowledge and skill that we long to share with the veterinarians, students and pet owners here in Mongolia. We are doing our best each day to impart some nuggets of knowledge, some pearls of wisdom into those willing to learn. The Mongolian people are sharp and catch on quickly; it is the opportunity for quality education and experience that they are lacking.

We have been taking every opportunity to teach, sometimes one on one to veterinarians consulting about a case. There have been multiple cases of various kinds of trauma. Helping them learn to read x-rays is important, as at the Mongolian veterinary school, they don’t even have an x-ray machine. Finding alternative ways to treat conditions is another important thing. The medications available in this country are very limited, partly by government regulation and partly due to cost. On line ordering from a pharmacy for delivery is not available. One day we were attempting to locate insulin to treat a newly diagnosed diabetic poodle. So far, insulin has not yet been found even at the human pharmacies! Unfortunately, there isn’t an alternative treatment. It’s hard to accept, because in America, we take so much for granted as being readily available.

We both enjoy it when there is opportunity to teach a group of student interns or everyone in the clinic who is available. We have taught how to obtain a good history and perform a thorough physical examination, basic microscope care and usage, blood film preparation and film reading, obtaining cytology samples from growths, and introduction to the usage of ultrasound.  We have been working with the Chief Veterinarian, Lead Veterinarian and the Office Manager to develop standards for training procedures, evaluating staff, team building and marketing the clinic. The best teaching opportunities involve the whole V.E.T. Net staff when we each have had the opportunity to share a Bible lesson and our personal testimony about God’s graciousness to us. Next week we will get to share about working with your spouse in business, a subject we know extremely well after 34 years of married life!

Each day that we have assisted one of these wonderfully hospitable people here in Mongolia, we feel grateful to be part of God’s plan for the greater good in the world. Jesus was asked which the most important commandment was. Jesus answered, “The most important is, Hear of Israel: The Lord our God, the Lord is one. And you shall love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your mind and with all your strength. The second is this: You shall love your neighbor as yourself. There is no other commandment greater than these.” Mark 12:29-31

Mongolia Matters

Many have asked us, “Why Mongolia?” as we have divulged our current travel adventure plans. The complete answer to that question may not be known until far after our travel has been completed, or perhaps maybe not even within our lifetime!  We are followers of Jesus, who taught that people are to love and serve others in His name. So, we say, “Why not?”

As a young democratic republic, Mongolia is asking for help to establish a strong economy. Mongolia is tenuously situated right between the two super powers of Russia and China. About one third of the population is herders, raising sheep, yak (cattle) and goats. Sustaining the health of these animals is extremely important to Mongolia. Nearly half of the population lives in the capital city of Ulanbaataar, where we are staying. Keeping small animal pets has become more common among the rapidly growing city dwellers, mainly the younger generation. It is no surprise, then, that the Mongolia government welcomes western veterinarians into the country to educate and train the newer methods of animal medicine, surgery, and herd health.

Imagine you are the person in Mongolia whose large breed puppy jumped off of the couch and began to yelp with a hurt leg. You take him to a veterinarian, a person who has attended just five years of college and has graduated without ever having performed any procedures or handled any animals. No x-ray unit is available, so the patient is referred to another clinic. An x-ray confirms there is a fracture, but it has occurred so easily because the puppy’s bones are lacking calcium. Surgery can be done to pin the broken bones together, but the nutritional condition of the puppy will make it harder to heal. The puppy is euthanized for a 100% preventable problem. The puppy suffered in pain longer than necessary because the proper equipment was not available for diagnosis.

We have found the standard of care for pets in Mongolia to be where it was for animals about 40-50 years ago in America. We hope to educate the veterinarians and student interns in some practical, affordable ways to improve the life of pets and to teach them how to pass that information onto their clients. And we will do it out of love. “Whoever is righteous has regard for the life of his beast” Proverbs 12:10.

Preventative Care for Gingivitis and Periodontal Disease

Article by: Marian Brown

   

According to the American Veterinary Dental Society (AVDS), eighty percent of dogs and seventy percent of cats have periodontal disease by the age of three! Alarming statistics? Yes, and it is known that proper dental care could increase their life by two to five years.

Dental care in dogs and cats has become quite common over the last six years. The AVDS has even selected February as National Pet Dental Health Month. Like humans, dog teeth and gums are also susceptible to the same oral health problems – Gingivitis and Periodontal disease.

Unlike humans, animals rarely get cavities. This is because cavities are primarily caused by the high sugar content of the human diet. Periodontal disease affects both human and mammals alike.

Periodontal disease is caused by bacteria and plaque which attach the soft gum tissue of the mouth. The first stage of periodontal disease is gingivitis. This is very common. In this stage, the bacteria have mixed with saliva and formed plaque. The plaque adheres to the teeth and hardens, forming tartar and calculus. These tartar deposits irritate the gum tissue and cause inflammation, swelling and infection. It is this stage that gingivitis is most notable. 

Early warning signs of gingivitis are sensitive gum tissue, redness or bleeding gums, trouble eating/chewing and bad breath. Yes, the dreaded "doggy breath"! The breath may take on a sulfur (rotting eggs) odor from the by-products of the bacteria in the mouth. This is often the first sign of gingivitis and serious dental problems.

If caught at this stage, gingivitis is treatable. A thorough dental exam and cleaning most likely will be needed. Many dogs will also most likely need to be put under anesthesia. If gingivitis is not treated, it will progress to periodontal disease. Periodontal disease is not treatable. At this stage, there is irreversible bone loss and tooth damage. Roots are also weakened and the animal may experience loose teeth and teeth that simply fall out. Animals may also begin to lose weight. This can lead to other problems associated with improper nutritional intake. Dental treatment will be needed and may result in the extraction of teeth. Again, this will need to be done under anesthesia.

Additionally, the bacteria and infection in the mouth may spread through the bloodstream to cause heart, kidney or liver disease. These diseases can cause serious damage to the organs and lead to premature death.

Periodontal disease is preventable. Like with humans, dogs need regular dental care. The first step is to have your pet examined for existing problems. If needed, your veterinarian can do a dental cleaning. Next, develop an at-home dental care program including a proper diet and mix of dry and wet foods. Diet alone can not prevent dental problems.

Most sources recommend brushing the teeth with pet toothpaste on a gauze or small pet toothbrush. This is the optimal program. If you choose to do this, be sure to select a toothpaste made for pets, avoid fluoridated products and pastes with sugars as one of the top ingredients. Brushing or even wiping the teeth with gauze will be a learning and training experience. With dogs, the process is estimated to take between 8 to 16 weeks before the animal is comfortable with the experience. Start slowly and build each day.

A more practical option for many pet owners may be an oral hygiene solution. There are now pet oral hygiene solutions on the market that can be added to pets’ drinking water. These are much easier and more convenient to use and are formulated for animals. Owner compliance with these programs, unlike with daily brushing, is much higher. As the pet drinks, the solution works to repel and retard the plaque and eliminate the bacteria and bacteria by-products. They are odorless and colorless.

Another helpful "trick" is to try one of the healthy dental treats on the market. They help remove the forming tarter. Be sure to check the label for ingredients -- some treats are really "tricks" in that they contain sugars, dyes and other questionable substances.

Once an at-home program is established, be sure to follow-up with regular veterinary exams.

Arthritis: A Pain in the Mutt!

Arthritis, also known as osteoarthritis or degenerative joint disease, is a progressive, inflammatory joint disease commonly seen in middle aged and senior pets.  This painful condition can negatively affect a pet and diminish their quality of life, but there are many treatment options available to help keep your pet comfortable, and may even slow the progression of the disease.

Arthritis develops when the joint cartilage, or cushioning between bones, start to break down and degenerate.  It can be a primary or secondary condition.  Primary arthritis is usually seen in older pets from normal wear and tear on the joints as they age.  Secondary arthritis is an effect from another disease, condition, or joint injury - such as Lyme disease, hip dysplasia, or a torn ligament in the knee.  Some breeds, like Labrador Retrievers, German Shepherds and Maine Coons, may have a genetic predisposition for developing arthritis.  Pets who are extremely active, such as working or sporting dogs, and pets who are overweight are also at a higher risk for developing arthritis.

Signs of arthritis can range from very subtle to very obvious.  The earlier the condition is caught, the more easily it can be treated and the greater the possibility that the progression can be slowed.  This is why it is so important to consult your veterinarian any time you notice a behavior change in your pet.  Early signs of arthritis are often written off as normal signs of aging.   We often hear, “Max doesn’t want to play fetch for as long as he used to.  He would really rather just sleep all day, but he is 9 years old and starting to show his age.”  Something we have to remember - old age is not a disease.  Not wanting to play with a favorite toy, slower to go up steps, or reluctance to jump on or off furniture could all indicate you pet may be suffering from arthritis pain.  More obvious signs include joint stiffness, difficulty getting up from laying down, limping or lameness.  Once your pet starts to show these signs, the disease is usually progressed to a more advanced stage.  Since cats tend to be less active than dogs to begin with and are masters at hiding signs of illness, there may be other signs that they might show.  For example, they may start to have accidents outside of the litter box because it’s too difficult or painful for them to jump into the box.

There are measures that can be taken to prevent arthritis.  If you have a pet that is known to have a higher risk for arthritis, starting joint supplements when they are young, before the development of arthritis begins, can be extremely helpful.  Glucosamine supplements help to keep joints lubricated, have anti-inflammatory benefits, and help to repair damaged cartilage.  Fish oils are another natural anti-inflammatory and have been shown to help relieve arthritis pain.  These nutritional supplements are safe, with no side effects, and can delay the development and progression of arthritis.  Another important factor is keeping your pet at a healthy weight.  Over 50% of the pet population is overweight or obese, and 95% of those pet owners do not believe their pet is an unhealthy weight.  Exams with their veterinarian at least once a year are important to monitor changes in weight and body condition.  There are statistics from studies proving that pets who are kept lean need less medication to control arthritis pain, and do not need to start pain management as early as their heavier counterparts.  Regular exercise also helps keep joints flexible and maintain range of motion.

Most of the time, early arthritis can be managed with joint supplements and natural anti-inflammatories, such as fish oils.  These supplements are safe to use long term and do not carry the side effects associated with the pharmaceuticals used to treat arthritis pain.  The progression of arthritis can be slowed, but not completely stopped.  Therefore, at some point, a pain medication needs to be added in order to adequately control your pet’s discomfort.  NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) provide pain relief by reducing the inflammation in their joints. Human NSAIDs (ibuprofen, aspirin, Tylenol) are NOT safe to give to animals.  They have unique metabolisms and these medications can cause GI ulcers and bleeding, liver problems, and kidney problems.  There are NSAIDs specifically developed for cats and dogs that are much safer than human medications, but still carry risks of some side effects.  Vomiting, diarrhea, and inappetence, though rare, can occur.  If these signs are seen, the medication should be stopped and switching to another brand should be considered.  Since these medications are metabolized by the liver and excreted by the kidneys, these internal organs can also be affected.  Routine blood work (every 6 months) is required to closely monitor that these organs are functioning properly.  More potent, opioid-like pain medications can be added in conjunction with joint supplements and NSAIDs for severely painful patients.  Some pets with arthritis only need to take pain medication if they have an active day, while others will need daily medication to keep them comfortable.

Cold, rainy weather can aggravate arthritis pain, so it is import to provide your pet with a warm, comfortable bed to rest in.  Pet steps or ramps to help them get up on furniture or into the car can also be helpful.  It is important to keep them active, but know their limitations. There are also alternative remedies (acupuncture, chiropractic care, stem cell therapy, laser therapy, massage) that are now being studied more closely and may help to provide relief.

While there is no cure for arthritis, there are many options to keep arthritic pets comfortable.  Living pain free is important for your pet’s well-being and quality of life.   You may not realize how much pain your pet was in until after you see how much more active and younger they seem once treatment is started.  As always, if you notice any changes in your pet’s attitude, activity, or behavior, even if it may seem like it’s not worth mentioning, please don’t hesitate to at least give us a call and ask if it is something that the veterinarian should check out.  Your pet will appreciate it.

Becoming a Therapy Dog

Written by Russel P.

For a dog to become a Therapy Dog, the dog must be friendly and obedient and pass the Canine Good Citizen (CGC) test and also the Therapy Dog International (TDI) test.

I started training with Benji, my Yellow Lab, when he was a puppy.  At the age of 1 1/2, I took him to Garrow Canine training in Charleroi, PA.  We went through Basic, Intermediate, and Advance Obedience classes.  After completing these classes in May 2013, Benji passed the Canine Good Citizens (CGC) test that is given by the American Kennel Club (AKC).  A dog does not have to be a pure breed to take the CGC test.  After passing the CGC test, it took a few months of training to get him use to being around medical equipment, such as walkers, crutches, and wheel chairs, along with loud noises and being around a lot of people.  This is all part of the Therapy Dog International (TDI) testing requirements.  For instance, I would take him to Wal-Mart and walk in front of the store to get him use to all the noises and people.  I went to the Goodwill store and picked up a walker and some crutches to use around the house so he would get used to being around such things.  In November 2014, he became a Certified Therapy Dog after passing the TDI test. 

Benji has made over 100 visits to three local person care homes, the local hospital, and also has made Hospice visits.  There are two things you can count on when you are a Therapy Dog Team (meaning Benji and myself).  On the first visit, you see the residence faces light up for joy when you and your walk in.  You will be hooked, wanting to come back again and again to see the happiness in some of these people.  The other thing you will notice is that after a few visits, everyone will know your dog's name.  They may not remember my name, but they do remember Benji's.   They so look forward to his visits.  You will hear such things as: "Oh Benji, I just love you."  "Don't stop coming to see me."  "You make my day, Benji."  You will find that this is not only rewarding to these residents, but to you and your dog.

All the information you need to work towards becoming a Therapy Dog Team is on these websites: 

American Kennel Club - www.akc.org

Therapy Dog International - www.tdi-dog.org or phone 973-252-9800